Eynsham is an English village and civil parish in Oxfordshire, about 5 miles (8 km) north-west of Oxford and east of Witney. The 2011 Census recorded the parish population as 4,648. It was estmated to be 5,077 in 2018.

Eynsham grew up near the historically important ford of Swinford on the River Thames flood plain. Excavations have shown that the site was used in the Bronze Age for a rectilinear enclosure on the edge of the gravel terrace.

The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle records Eynsham as Egonesham and describes it as one of four towns that the Saxons captured from the Britons in AD 571. Evidence has been found of 6th and 7th-century Saxon buildings at New Wintles Farm, about three-quarters of a mile (1 km) from the present parish church. There is some evidence that Eynsham had an early minster, probably founded in the 7th or 8th centuries. The name is recorded in AD 864 (in the dative) as Egenes homme, i. e. "Ægen's enclosure or river-meadow".

In 1005 Aethelmar, kinsman of Aethelred II founded a Benedictine abbey on the site of the earlier minster. The first abbot was Ælfric of Eynsham, a prolific writer in Old English. The Domesday Book of 1086 includes a paragraph about the settlement, then known as Eglesham.

By 1302 Eynsham had a wharf handling cargo that included hay, straw, malt, grain and timber, beside the later Talbot Inn on Wharf Stream, a tributary of the Thames.

By the medieval period Eynsham Abbey was one of the largest in the area, but it was dissolved at the Reformation in 1538 and only a few remains can still be seen. After the dissolution, the abbey estates were given to Sir George Darcy.

By 1790 a newly completed Oxford Canal was trading with Eynsham Wharf, mainly to sell coal from the Midlands. From 1792 the Oxford Canal employed a wharfinger at Eynsham and in 1800 it bought the lease of the wharf.[10] The Oxford Canal consolidated its position at Eynsham by buying the Talbot Inn in 1845 and the freehold of Eynsham Wharf in 1849, perhaps in response to the Railway mania that was beginning to take traffic from canals and navigations.

Eynsham Lock is on the Thames just above the confluence with Wharf Stream. This was the last flash lock on the Thames, not rebuilt as a pound lock until 1928.

The village suffered several fires in its history. One of the worst was on Whit Monday morning in 1629, which destroyed 12 houses and another in 1681 destroyed 20. By the early 19th century the parish had its own fire engine - from then until 1949 the ground floor of the early 18th-century Bartholomew Room served as the parish fire station.

The Bartholomew Room was built in 1703 out of an endowment from John Liam Bartholomew in 1701 to found a parish charity school. Its lower storey was arcaded, presumably as market premises, but these were walled up in the latter part of the 19th century. While some of the ground floor continued to serve as the fire station, parts were turned into a village gaol. From 1928, the local Roman Catholic congregation used the upper room for its services. In 1983 the parish council bought and restored the building.